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學(xué)會(huì)讀心術(shù)!UX設(shè)計(jì)師不得不掌握的心理學(xué)技巧
時(shí)間:2019-06-06 10:43:05
文章發(fā)布:李陽(yáng)
原創(chuàng)作者:未知
來(lái)源:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)

我們常說(shuō),一百個(gè)人心中會(huì)有一百個(gè)哈姆雷特,同樣的,一個(gè)用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題,在一百個(gè)UX設(shè)計(jì)師手上可能會(huì)有一百種解決方案。不得不承認(rèn),用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)并不是一門(mén)精確的學(xué)科。

每一個(gè)用戶體驗(yàn)元素背后都有著豐富的心理學(xué)現(xiàn)象在背后做支撐,雖然不足以做出精確推導(dǎo),但是我們可以借助這些原理來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)用戶行為、影響體驗(yàn)。所以,今天的文章我們將探討如何使用這些信息獲得更好的設(shè)計(jì)與效果。

在探討如何影響和改變用戶行為之前,我們先得了解哪些因素能夠影響用戶行為。所以,我們先從心理學(xué)的角度來(lái)看看用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)。


1、時(shí)間與成效

學(xué)會(huì)讀心術(shù)!UX設(shè)計(jì)師不得不掌握的心理學(xué)技巧-藝源科技

面對(duì)一個(gè)任務(wù),用戶永遠(yuǎn)是盡量以低的工作量、快的速度來(lái)完成它。所以在UX設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候,我們需要調(diào)整逐步地呈現(xiàn)整個(gè)任務(wù)的全貌,而非一次全部展現(xiàn)。每次給予用戶以一定的信息來(lái)吸引他們完成,并給予足夠的選擇。

在產(chǎn)品的信息和細(xì)節(jié)展現(xiàn)上,也是同樣的道理。信息一次全部給予用戶,讓用戶產(chǎn)生心理負(fù)擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)非常大,你應(yīng)當(dāng)只讓他們看到應(yīng)該看到的。易于閱讀的文本,簡(jiǎn)明的觀點(diǎn)和特征描述,清晰的段落分割,這些是友好而用戶可以輕松吸收的內(nèi)容的特征。

不要讓你的用戶同時(shí)處理多個(gè)任務(wù)。 絕大多數(shù)的人在開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)打電話過(guò)程中,不能夠完全規(guī)避交通事故,這個(gè)是有數(shù)據(jù)支撐的。所以,不要讓用戶在瀏覽你網(wǎng)站的時(shí)候做類(lèi)似的事情。

所以,此處關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于:不要浪費(fèi)用戶的時(shí)間和精力。讓網(wǎng)站為用戶提供明確而簡(jiǎn)介的功用與途徑,而這也是Steve Krug 的書(shū)《Don’t Make Me Think》中反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)。


2、社會(huì)認(rèn)同

學(xué)會(huì)讀心術(shù)!UX設(shè)計(jì)師不得不掌握的心理學(xué)技巧-藝源科技

用戶體驗(yàn)的另外一個(gè)關(guān)鍵支柱是通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)而觸發(fā)社會(huì)認(rèn)同這一心理動(dòng)機(jī)。社會(huì)認(rèn)同這種現(xiàn)象通常表現(xiàn)為借助別人的行為作為自己行動(dòng)的指引。

典型的案例就是每年新iPhone 發(fā)布之后,粉絲們的反應(yīng)。當(dāng)蘋(píng)果商店門(mén)口開(kāi)始有人排隊(duì)甚至扎營(yíng)的時(shí)候,其他人會(huì)基于他人對(duì)于iPhone的認(rèn)知,自覺(jué)不自覺(jué)的加入到這個(gè)行列當(dāng)中,這就是社會(huì)認(rèn)同。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)上利用社會(huì)認(rèn)同的原理來(lái)激勵(lì)用戶行為的方式有很多種。許多網(wǎng)站會(huì)基于其他權(quán)威網(wǎng)站的反向鏈接作為依據(jù)來(lái)給用戶提供推薦和建議。這種策略的效率非常高,下面為你展示一些案例:

a) 用戶評(píng)論

淘寶就是典型的案例,已購(gòu)買(mǎi)產(chǎn)品的用戶的評(píng)論會(huì)影響后來(lái)買(mǎi)家的購(gòu)買(mǎi)意象,好評(píng)會(huì)讓購(gòu)買(mǎi)意象強(qiáng)烈的買(mǎi)家快速下單,甚至中評(píng)和差評(píng)都能夠讓用戶更清晰的了解產(chǎn)品,甚至可能會(huì)促進(jìn)用戶購(gòu)買(mǎi)產(chǎn)品。部分“差評(píng)”可能會(huì)成為好評(píng)的合理補(bǔ)充。

b) 社會(huì)行為過(guò)濾

當(dāng)你在電商平臺(tái)上瀏覽產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候,會(huì)看到“瀏覽過(guò)此產(chǎn)品的用戶還購(gòu)買(mǎi)了……”這樣的推薦,這樣預(yù)期化的個(gè)性推薦就是使用社會(huì)認(rèn)同的原理來(lái)為用戶提供感興趣的產(chǎn)品鏈接。

c) 相同愛(ài)好

Etsy 上為用戶提供了對(duì)產(chǎn)品點(diǎn)贊的功能,當(dāng)某個(gè)用戶對(duì)某個(gè)產(chǎn)品感興趣的時(shí)候,可以看到哪些人對(duì)于這個(gè)項(xiàng)目點(diǎn)過(guò)贊,這種認(rèn)同所產(chǎn)生的緊迫感可以強(qiáng)化他們對(duì)于項(xiàng)目本身的興趣和關(guān)注,也強(qiáng)化了項(xiàng)目本身的稀缺性。


3、視覺(jué)和無(wú)意識(shí)心理歷程

學(xué)會(huì)讀心術(shù)!UX設(shè)計(jì)師不得不掌握的心理學(xué)技巧-藝源科技

一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的關(guān)鍵支柱則牽涉到潛意識(shí)心理歷程和信息的視覺(jué)說(shuō)明。由于絕大多數(shù)的心理歷程都是在無(wú)意識(shí)情況下發(fā)生的,你可以使用不同的觸發(fā)方式來(lái)影響用戶不同的情緒和行為。

從基本的角度上來(lái)看,圖片和故事能夠觸發(fā)用戶大腦的情緒部分,而情緒很大程度上影響著用戶的決策,所以我們可以借此來(lái)影響用戶的行為。

而在UX設(shè)計(jì)方面,則可以從字體尺寸、配色和信息組織等幾個(gè)基本的方面來(lái)著手。通過(guò)眼球追蹤,我們可以學(xué)習(xí)到不少關(guān)于視覺(jué)設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn):

·不要讓視覺(jué)效果過(guò)重以至于霸占了整個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)的重心
·視頻比起文本和圖片更容易吸引用戶的注意力
·女性和孩子的形象更容易吸引用戶的注意力
·用戶瀏覽頁(yè)面的視覺(jué)軌跡是“F”型的

將所有的心理學(xué)因素都考慮在內(nèi),接下來(lái)你需要將它們轉(zhuǎn)化為高度可操作的方法,用它們來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)用戶行為。


借助UX設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)用戶行為

學(xué)會(huì)讀心術(shù)!UX設(shè)計(jì)師不得不掌握的心理學(xué)技巧-藝源科技

我們擁有大量的信息來(lái)構(gòu)建元素以進(jìn)行UX設(shè)計(jì),但是如何讓它們驅(qū)動(dòng)用戶的行為,達(dá)成我們的目標(biāo)呢?答案就是Fogg 行為模型:

這個(gè)模型認(rèn)為三個(gè)特定的元素同時(shí)出現(xiàn)才能觸發(fā)行為,而這三個(gè)元素分別為:

·動(dòng)機(jī)
·能力
·觸發(fā)

將這三個(gè)因素納入到你的考慮范疇,設(shè)計(jì)師可以通過(guò)分析和觀察來(lái)找到阻礙用戶的因素。如果你希望用戶留言回復(fù),但是用戶并沒(méi)有這樣做,那么一般而言,推動(dòng)用戶留言的三個(gè)因素并不具備。

第一個(gè)元素“動(dòng)機(jī)”可以劃分為外部動(dòng)機(jī)和內(nèi)部動(dòng)機(jī)。外部的動(dòng)機(jī)可以激勵(lì)人,比如是金錢(qián)或者禮物這樣的物理獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

內(nèi)部因素?zé)o疑是內(nèi)部的,通常是快樂(lè)和滿足這樣的情感和情緒上的。如果你希望用戶做的事情,并不是用戶樂(lè)意做,或者樂(lè)于做的事情,那么這種問(wèn)題應(yīng)該如何解決呢?

答案很簡(jiǎn)單,為他們提供獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或者激勵(lì)他們完成。Pact 這款財(cái)務(wù)應(yīng)用就是個(gè)典型的案例,當(dāng)你達(dá)到健康目標(biāo)的時(shí)候,會(huì)有相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)??紤]到許多人并不會(huì)熱衷于勤奮工作,但是這樣的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)可以給予他們足夠的激勵(lì)。

另外一點(diǎn),我們應(yīng)該對(duì)“過(guò)度合理化效應(yīng)”保持相應(yīng)的謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度,這通常發(fā)生在你給予的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和他已經(jīng)正在“享受”的事情出現(xiàn)重疊的情況下。這種情況下,當(dāng)你不再給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的時(shí)候,他將做的越來(lái)越少,甚至不會(huì)繼續(xù)做下去。

而名為Freeletics 的健康類(lèi)網(wǎng)站為了規(guī)避這個(gè)問(wèn)題,則是為完成基本運(yùn)動(dòng)要求的用戶提出更高要求,從而讓用戶在逐步提升中獲得運(yùn)動(dòng)的樂(lè)趣。

這是一個(gè)關(guān)于動(dòng)機(jī)的案例,那么怎么將能力和觸發(fā)結(jié)合到其中呢?


觸發(fā)行為

學(xué)會(huì)讀心術(shù)!UX設(shè)計(jì)師不得不掌握的心理學(xué)技巧-藝源科技

單純的動(dòng)機(jī)并不足以產(chǎn)生行為。如果你想去釣魚(yú),但是沒(méi)有釣竿、魚(yú)餌和船,你很難完成這件事情。在這個(gè)案例中,人需要?jiǎng)恿θメ烎~(yú),無(wú)論是他從中獲得物理獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)(魚(yú))還是精神獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)(成就感,或者喜愛(ài))都符合Fogg模型。只有當(dāng)動(dòng)力足夠強(qiáng)、能力完備的前提下,合理的觸發(fā)之下,才會(huì)有行為發(fā)生。

這也就是說(shuō),單純擁有3個(gè)因素是不夠的。能夠激勵(lì)一個(gè)人的方式可能對(duì)另外一個(gè)人可能不夠強(qiáng)烈或者好用,如果我們真的想要徹底觸發(fā)某些行為,那么我們需要了解到底是什么在激勵(lì)著用戶,這需要你深入研究你的用戶,從內(nèi)外不同的角度來(lái)著手,創(chuàng)建真正有意義的UX設(shè)計(jì),激發(fā)他們的欲望和動(dòng)力。

諸如用戶體驗(yàn)地圖、用戶歷程都是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的工具,可以幫你了解深入了解用戶角色,而不僅僅是年齡、地址和性別這些簡(jiǎn)單的角色。


再說(shuō)幾句

能夠激勵(lì)用戶的東西并不只有一種,與其空想,不如讓他們?cè)囉卯a(chǎn)品,至少讓他們通過(guò)整個(gè)流程,查找目標(biāo)和實(shí)際效果之間的差異,阻礙用戶的障礙,了解他們的欲望,并且為驅(qū)動(dòng)他們發(fā)生行為而創(chuàng)造新的觸發(fā)機(jī)制。

簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō),用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)是關(guān)于人關(guān)于心理的學(xué)科,你要在用戶的大腦中找到問(wèn)題,解決它們,推動(dòng)他們,搞定他們。

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