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走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧
時(shí)間：2019-06-11 11:33:01
文章發(fā)布：李陽(yáng)
原創(chuàng)作者：未知
來(lái)源：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)

網(wǎng)站的可用性是個(gè)大問(wèn)題，之前《專為色盲打造！快速提高網(wǎng)站可用性的5個(gè)實(shí)用方法》 這篇文章提出了幾點(diǎn)針對(duì)色盲用戶的網(wǎng)站體驗(yàn)優(yōu)化方法，而今天的這篇?jiǎng)t是前者的很好的補(bǔ)充~

根據(jù) Colour Blind Awareness 的數(shù)據(jù)，4.5% 的用戶是色盲，如果你的網(wǎng)站受眾是以男性為主，那么這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)可能高達(dá)8%。在進(jìn)行網(wǎng)頁(yè)和UI設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中，色盲人群的實(shí)際狀況很容易被設(shè)計(jì)師所忽略，畢竟絕大多數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)師本身并非色盲。所以，應(yīng)當(dāng)如何在設(shè)計(jì)上兼顧到色盲以及色弱的用戶群體呢？

今天的文章在之前的基礎(chǔ)上，總結(jié)出了13條實(shí)用可行的建議，提升色盲用戶的瀏覽體驗(yàn)。當(dāng)然，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)于普通用戶而言，同樣非常有效果。


什么是色盲

首先，色盲是有多種類型的。不過(guò)你并沒(méi)有必要對(duì)所有的色盲都有清晰的概念，絕大多數(shù)的色盲都可以歸結(jié)為看不清特定色彩、混淆色彩或者無(wú)法分辨特定的幾種色彩。

這樣的情況無(wú)疑是棘手的，但是實(shí)際狀況還可能讓色盲用戶的情況更加麻煩：質(zhì)量較差的顯示器，光照不足，屏幕炫光，過(guò)于小的手機(jī)屏幕，距離電視機(jī)較遠(yuǎn)，等等等等。

僅僅依靠簡(jiǎn)單的色彩可讀性規(guī)則和普通的可供性設(shè)計(jì)原則，其實(shí)并不一定能夠解決這些問(wèn)題。下面的建議也許無(wú)法面面俱到，但是絕大多數(shù)網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)可能牽涉到的問(wèn)題，在下面的列表中都有所覆蓋。


1、文本的可讀性

為了確保文本的可讀性，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)可訪問(wèn)原則來(lái)選擇背景的配色和文本的配色以及尺寸：

“WCAG 2.0 AA 要求正文文本的對(duì)比度達(dá)到4.5:1，而標(biāo)題文本達(dá)到3:1。（正文粗體14pt+，標(biāo)題18pt+）——WebAim color contrast checker ”

下面的案例展示了哪些搭配能通過(guò)，而哪些無(wú)法達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（passes=通過(guò)，fails=不通過(guò)）：

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技


2、文字和圖片的疊加

圖文混排中，文字和圖片的疊加通常會(huì)相對(duì)更加棘手一些，因?yàn)樵诤芏嗲闆r下，要保證文本和圖片之間有明顯的對(duì)比度并不是那么容易。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

降低背景的透明度，或者增加蒙板，讓文字更易于識(shí)別。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

當(dāng)然，你還可以給文本換個(gè)更醒目的色彩，或者增加陰影來(lái)提升對(duì)比度。


3、取色與說(shuō)明

下面的截圖是亞馬遜的購(gòu)買(mǎi)頁(yè)面中不同衣服的顏色分類，對(duì)于紅綠色盲用戶而言，他們看到頁(yè)面可能是右邊那樣的。在這種情況下，不同的色彩沒(méi)有文本標(biāo)簽分辨，紅綠色盲用戶無(wú)法分辨其中的差異。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

不過(guò)，在桌面瀏覽器上，用戶鼠標(biāo)懸停在色彩上面的時(shí)候，能夠看到相應(yīng)的文本標(biāo)簽，但是移動(dòng)端上則無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣的功能。

Gap 則通過(guò)給每個(gè)色彩加文本標(biāo)簽來(lái)解決這一困局：

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

其實(shí)這樣的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)于普通用戶而言也是非常實(shí)用而貼心的，比如黑色和海軍藍(lán)即使是普通用戶在屏幕上并不是那么好分辨的，加個(gè)標(biāo)簽?zāi)芨玫姆直妗?/p>


4、給圖片附上有用的描述

下面的截圖是一個(gè)SuperDry系列的T恤，網(wǎng)站對(duì)這款T恤描述為“Leaf Jaspe”，也就是說(shuō)它的配色靈感來(lái)自于樹(shù)葉，而它的實(shí)際色彩包含了綠色、黃色和棕色等。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

問(wèn)題來(lái)了，色盲用戶首先分辨不出它的實(shí)際色彩，需要依靠描述來(lái)了解，但是描述中的Leaf 意為樹(shù)葉，而Jaspe 則為斑駁的意思，實(shí)際上也不夠直觀。所以，最合理的描述應(yīng)當(dāng)為“Gray Green Leaf Jaspe”（灰綠色斑駁樹(shù)葉）。


5、鏈接識(shí)別

網(wǎng)頁(yè)鏈接最好是能夠不通過(guò)色彩就可以識(shí)別出來(lái)。如果一個(gè)全色盲用戶（完全無(wú)法分辨色彩）打開(kāi) UK GDS （英國(guó)政府?dāng)?shù)字服務(wù)）網(wǎng)站，那么他會(huì)看到下面的界面。這個(gè)情況下，網(wǎng)站中用色彩來(lái)區(qū)分的鏈接他們就全然看不到了。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

為了找到鏈接，這些用戶需要用鼠標(biāo)光標(biāo)來(lái)探路，光標(biāo)沿著文本移動(dòng)，直到看到箭頭變成指針，他們才能意識(shí)到這是一個(gè)可點(diǎn)擊的鏈接。如果是在移動(dòng)端上，他們就不得不用手指一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)嘗試，來(lái)查找每一個(gè)鏈接可能存在的地方了。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

加上圖標(biāo)說(shuō)明的鏈接更容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)，而如果沒(méi)有圖標(biāo)的話，加上下劃線也可以帶來(lái)不錯(cuò)的效果。


6、配色

現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，色彩往往是不可控的：紅色的蘋(píng)果旁邊，可能會(huì)有一堆綠色的樹(shù)葉。但是在網(wǎng)頁(yè)中則不然，設(shè)計(jì)師通常都有著足夠的權(quán)限來(lái)控制好這些問(wèn)題。下面的配色就應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量規(guī)避：

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

·綠色/紅色
·綠色/棕色
·藍(lán)色/紫色
·綠色/藍(lán)色
·淺綠色/黃色
·藍(lán)色/灰色
·綠色/灰色
·綠色/黑色


7、表單占位符

在網(wǎng)頁(yè)表單設(shè)計(jì)中同樣存在問(wèn)題，蘋(píng)果官網(wǎng)創(chuàng)建Apple ID的頁(yè)面表單當(dāng)中，每個(gè)字段都有相應(yīng)的占位符，但是占位符的對(duì)比度通常不夠高，弱視的用戶很難分辨。在這種情況下，字段的標(biāo)簽說(shuō)明就很重要了，然而這個(gè)表單又沒(méi)有，這就非常尷尬了。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

但是，增加占位符的對(duì)比度并不是合理的解決方案，因?yàn)檎嘉环仨毻脩艉罄m(xù)輸入的文本清晰的區(qū)分開(kāi)。

下面 Made.com 的表單就做的不錯(cuò)，他們通過(guò)標(biāo)簽清晰的說(shuō)明了每一個(gè)字段都是什么內(nèi)容：

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技


8、首選按鈕

通常界面中的首選按鈕會(huì)用更顯眼的色彩來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)，Argo 的公司登錄界面就是這么設(shè)計(jì)的。但是Argo 這樣的設(shè)計(jì)僅僅是通過(guò)色彩來(lái)區(qū)分，對(duì)于色盲用戶而言可能會(huì)造成困擾。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

相反，通過(guò)大小、位置、粗細(xì)、邊框和圖標(biāo)來(lái)進(jìn)行區(qū)分，就可以很好的緩解可訪問(wèn)性的問(wèn)題了。比如Kidly 的設(shè)計(jì)：

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技


9、提示信息

通常成功和失敗兩類信息都是通過(guò)綠色和紅色來(lái)進(jìn)行區(qū)分的。然而這兩種色彩又正好讓色盲用戶很難區(qū)分，這樣一來(lái)，他們壓根就無(wú)法區(qū)分信息的對(duì)錯(cuò)與否。不過(guò)，如果你簡(jiǎn)單的增加一個(gè)“Success”的文本說(shuō)明，或者使用相應(yīng)的圖標(biāo)來(lái)說(shuō)明，用戶就可以更加直觀的了解信息了。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技


10、必須填寫(xiě)的表單字段

通常必須填寫(xiě)的表單字段會(huì)用色彩（比如紅色）來(lái)進(jìn)行區(qū)分，這也使得有一部分用戶會(huì)無(wú)法分辨。

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

想要解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，你可以考慮下列方案：

·使用星號(hào)來(lái)進(jìn)行區(qū)分
·更直接一點(diǎn)，寫(xiě)上“必填”
·如果可能的話，移除選填字段，讓全部?jī)?nèi)容為必填


11、圖表

通常設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)在圖表中使用不同的色彩來(lái)標(biāo)識(shí)不同的項(xiàng)目，而色盲用戶同樣會(huì)存在識(shí)別性的問(wèn)題。下面的這些設(shè)計(jì)案例就提出了很好的解決方案，右邊案例對(duì)于色盲用戶更加友好：

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

走心的技巧！為色盲用戶提升網(wǎng)頁(yè)可用性的實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)技巧-藝源科技

盡量使用紋理來(lái)區(qū)分，加上文本的說(shuō)明，讓圖表更加易懂，即使沒(méi)有色彩也能區(qū)分。

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