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從了解用戶的注意力開始,創(chuàng)造更優(yōu)秀的用戶體驗(yàn)
時(shí)間:2019-09-29 09:37:32
文章發(fā)布:李陽
原創(chuàng)作者:未知
來源:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)

這是一篇源自心理學(xué)家和 UX設(shè)計(jì)師的關(guān)于人類注意力研究的文章。

在產(chǎn)品團(tuán)隊(duì)中,用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)師的工作是輸出高可用性、易用性的可交互數(shù)字產(chǎn)品。當(dāng)我們在設(shè)計(jì)這些產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候,我們花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間來探索不同的研究方法,了解不同用戶的行為、習(xí)慣和需求。對于絕大多數(shù)的用戶而言,在行為模式和心理結(jié)構(gòu)上有著相似的地方,只要有意識地探索,我們能夠更好地了解人類的認(rèn)知過程。

從了解用戶的注意力開始,創(chuàng)造更優(yōu)秀的用戶體驗(yàn)-藝源科技

今天的這篇文章主要是探討用戶的視覺注意力的概念、功能、類型以及它是如何融入日常的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的。


心理學(xué)上的界定

對于注意力這個(gè)概念,我的心理學(xué)家朋友 Anikó T?zsér 是這樣界定的:

注意力是一種在不同的刺激和過程中篩選出特定信息的能力。我們的注意力幫助我們作出決策,是要回應(yīng)特定的刺激,還是忽略它們。有的時(shí)候,這個(gè)過程是自動(dòng)的,有的時(shí)候,我們會(huì)把注意力集中在一個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)或者問題上。

注意力的心理學(xué)機(jī)制涉及到行為的感知,以及如何產(chǎn)生一致的行為。在注意力的研究上,絕大多數(shù)都集中在聽力和視力上。

空間注意力 vs 基于特征的注意力

在注意力的類型上,可以大致氛圍兩種,一種是空間注意力,我們會(huì)感知到不同的空間方位、區(qū)域,并且將注意力集中到這些地方。另外一種是是基于特征的注意力,我們會(huì)注意到有著特定特征的事物,比如特定色彩的東西或者區(qū)域。


信息的處理過程

為了吸引人們的注意力,我們需要了解信息的處理過程。

從了解用戶的注意力開始,創(chuàng)造更優(yōu)秀的用戶體驗(yàn)-藝源科技

不過,對于這個(gè)過程,是存在一定的爭議的。

  • 當(dāng)一個(gè)周期結(jié)束之后,下一個(gè)周期開始,并且每個(gè)周期都會(huì)包含特征越來越復(fù)雜的刺激。

  • 有人認(rèn)為這個(gè)過程是連續(xù)的,這也就意味著每種刺激都會(huì)立刻產(chǎn)生效果。


注意力的類型

注意力是有不同的類型的,不過類型的劃分主要是由刺激的情況和強(qiáng)度決定的。

選擇性注意力:由于人通常一次只能集中注意力處理一件事情,選擇性注意力這種自動(dòng)的流程,會(huì)幫助人從非重要的事物中篩選出重要的事物,幫助人關(guān)注到關(guān)鍵性的人、事物和情況。

基于選擇性注意力的特征,作為用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)師,我們需要明白「高密度改變」的重要性:環(huán)境中密集的情況變化會(huì)更容易引起用戶的注意力。在用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)上,這是非常值得使用的設(shè)計(jì)策略。

分散型注意力:如果某個(gè)事情可以相對自動(dòng)地執(zhí)行下去,那么在這個(gè)過程中可以同時(shí)執(zhí)行更多的事情。最典型的案例,就是很多人可以一邊開車一邊聊天,但是,如果道路前方出現(xiàn)了什么情況,他會(huì)停止說話并且更加專注于駕駛。在前期,駕駛和聊天都處于相對慣性的狀態(tài),持續(xù),穩(wěn)定,無需特別集中注意力,可是后面發(fā)生情況之后,駕駛者需要集中注意力在駕駛上。

集中注意力是一種非常重要的認(rèn)知能力,人會(huì)將注意力高度集中在特定的刺激上,集中處理一件事情。

持續(xù)型注意力:當(dāng)我們需要在一個(gè)事情上保持注意力很長時(shí)間,甚至需要重復(fù)的執(zhí)行操作的時(shí)候,這個(gè)時(shí)候的注意力是持續(xù)型注意力。

作為用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)師,我們需要知道,在學(xué)習(xí)和工作生活中(聆聽老師閱讀或者在線學(xué)習(xí)課程的時(shí)候),用戶需要持續(xù)地關(guān)注。這意味著在設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候,用戶界面上的所有元素都應(yīng)該服務(wù)于這個(gè)目標(biāo)。


注意力是一種有限的認(rèn)知資源

作為 UX設(shè)計(jì)師,減少認(rèn)知負(fù)擔(dān)是最重要的工作之一。每種信息、每種意識形態(tài)都會(huì)牽涉到一種單獨(dú)的注意力資源,比如聽覺上的任務(wù),會(huì)影響到視覺上的任務(wù)。當(dāng)然,視覺上的任務(wù)之間的干擾和影響也是顯而易見的,比如使用手機(jī)語音導(dǎo)航要比查看地圖導(dǎo)航要相對容易得多。

人類在視覺上能夠一次同時(shí)感知到5~9個(gè)物品(7±2 ),這意味著人類對于空間的關(guān)注區(qū)域其實(shí)并不是恒定的,可以寬也可以窄。

雞尾酒會(huì)效應(yīng):這個(gè)效應(yīng)的通俗描述是在擁擠的雞尾酒會(huì)當(dāng)中,人能夠從其他聲音當(dāng)中分辨出特定的聲音。這種能力其實(shí)可以擴(kuò)展到其他的方面,而類似「大家來找茬」這樣的游戲就是典型。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下,人們可以利用雞尾酒會(huì)效應(yīng)做很多事情。

在實(shí)際的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中,色彩、對比度、字體、留白、聲音提示,甚至特定的音調(diào),都會(huì)有助于吸引注意力,甚至影響特定類型的注意力。

從了解用戶的注意力開始,創(chuàng)造更優(yōu)秀的用戶體驗(yàn)-藝源科技


選擇太多了(??硕桑?/strong>

更多的選擇,往往意味著更多的認(rèn)知負(fù)荷。而??硕删褪怯脕砻枋鋈俗鲞x擇所需要的時(shí)間的:增加選擇的數(shù)量將會(huì)以對數(shù)的形式增加人做決策的時(shí)間。

從了解用戶的注意力開始,創(chuàng)造更優(yōu)秀的用戶體驗(yàn)-藝源科技


結(jié)語

其實(shí)換句話來說,我們的大腦可以完全忽略周圍的變化,而往往是特定的事物吸引了人的注意力。我們需要根據(jù)用戶的目標(biāo)和任務(wù)來設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品,UX設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)充滿了各種方法和技術(shù)的盒子里,總能拿出一些能夠提升產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的策略,無論是創(chuàng)建用戶歷程地圖,還是進(jìn)行任務(wù)分析,都能夠讓用戶從「失明」的狀態(tài)當(dāng)中解放出來,而這也是我們了解注意力的目標(biāo)所在。

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