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實(shí)例解析「奧卡姆剃刀原理」在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用
時(shí)間：2019-10-08 09:53:45
文章發(fā)布：李陽(yáng)
原創(chuàng)作者：未知
來(lái)源：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)

交互設(shè)計(jì)之父阿蘭·庫(kù)珀說(shuō)過(guò)這樣一句話(huà)：「除非有更好的選擇，否則就遵從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。」在交互設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域中，有很多被時(shí)間和前人驗(yàn)證過(guò)的設(shè)計(jì)法則，這些法則是從用戶(hù)的行為邏輯中總結(jié)出來(lái)的，掌握這些法則能讓我們迅速有效的完成自己的設(shè)計(jì)，接下來(lái)，筆者通過(guò)一些實(shí)例來(lái)解析下這些原則在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。


一、奧卡姆剃刀原理簡(jiǎn)介

奧卡姆剃刀定律（Occam’s Razor, Ockham’s Razor）又稱(chēng)「奧康的剃刀」，它是由14世紀(jì)邏輯學(xué)家、圣方濟(jì)各會(huì)修士奧卡姆威廉（William of Occam，約1285年至1349年）提出。這個(gè)原理稱(chēng)為「如無(wú)必要，勿增實(shí)體」，即「簡(jiǎn)單有效原理」。


二、泰斯勒定律在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用

引用《通用設(shè)計(jì)法則》中的解釋?zhuān)骸冈撛淼暮x指的是不必要的元素會(huì)降低設(shè)計(jì)的效率，而且增加未預(yù)期后果的發(fā)生概率。不管是實(shí)體、視覺(jué)或者認(rèn)知上，多余的設(shè)計(jì)元素，有可能造成失敗或者其它問(wèn)題。這個(gè)法則還有美感上的吸引力，可以比喻成“剪除”設(shè)計(jì)中多余的元素，去除解決方案的雜質(zhì)，最后設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)更純粹。」

如果要從功能相同的設(shè)計(jì)中做出選擇，那么最好選用最簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)。這里所說(shuō)的「功能相同」，指的是一般尺度來(lái)衡量，設(shè)計(jì)所展現(xiàn)的功能類(lèi)似。

1. 只放置必要的東西

簡(jiǎn)潔網(wǎng)頁(yè)最重要的一個(gè)方面是只展示有作用的東西，其他的都沒(méi)有。這并不意味著你不能提供給用戶(hù)很多的信息，你可以用「更多信息」的鏈接來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這些。

案例：比如百度搜索首頁(yè)界面，提起搜索引擎，在國(guó)內(nèi)都會(huì)想起百度，不僅是因?yàn)樗阉鲀?nèi)容準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)，也因?yàn)榘俣人阉魇醉?yè)設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)潔，專(zhuān)注搜索，頁(yè)面上搜索框是最顯眼的，用戶(hù)剛進(jìn)入百度首頁(yè)的時(shí)候就可以看到中間的搜索框，然后直接輸入文字進(jìn)行搜索，其他相關(guān)信息被放置在不怎么顯眼右上角，而且增加了「更多產(chǎn)品」按鈕，給需要的用戶(hù)提供一個(gè)信息的入口。

實(shí)例解析「奧卡姆剃刀原理」在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用-藝源科技

2. 減少點(diǎn)擊次數(shù)

讓你的用戶(hù)通過(guò)很少的點(diǎn)擊就能找到他們想要的東西，不要讓他們找一個(gè)內(nèi)容找得很累。

案例：比如三星充值與支付寶充值流程，如下圖所示，三星手機(jī)充值界面要完成整個(gè)的話(huà)費(fèi)充值流程，需要點(diǎn)擊動(dòng)作三次，而支付寶的充值界面完成整個(gè)話(huà)費(fèi)充值流程只需要點(diǎn)擊一次，頁(yè)面流程更短，效率更高。因此，減少用戶(hù)的點(diǎn)擊次數(shù)，能提升產(chǎn)品的用戶(hù)體驗(yàn)。

實(shí)例解析「奧卡姆剃刀原理」在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用-藝源科技

3. 減少段落的個(gè)數(shù)

每當(dāng)你的網(wǎng)頁(yè)增加一段，頁(yè)面中主要的內(nèi)容就會(huì)被擠到一個(gè)更小的空間。那些段落并沒(méi)有起到什么好的作用，而是讓顧客們知道更多他們不想了解的東西。

案例：比如雅虎搜索首頁(yè)界面，雅虎跟谷歌和百度一樣，是做搜索引擎的，而且是做的最早的一家，可是現(xiàn)在卻沒(méi)有谷歌和百度使用的人多，有部分原因在于首頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的失誤上。大家都知道谷歌和百度首頁(yè)最顯眼的就是搜索框，沒(méi)有太多的干擾信息，而我們看看下圖中的雅虎首頁(yè)，最大片的內(nèi)容區(qū)域給了各種新聞和廣告，最重要的搜索框在頂部所占的位置卻很小，用戶(hù)本來(lái)是搜索內(nèi)容的，進(jìn)入首頁(yè)卻看到大段的無(wú)關(guān)信息，干擾了用戶(hù)的正常操作。

實(shí)例解析「奧卡姆剃刀原理」在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用-藝源科技

4. 「外婆」規(guī)則

如果你的外婆（其他老點(diǎn)的人）也能輕松的使用你的頁(yè)面，你就成功了。

案例：比如微信的設(shè)計(jì)，據(jù)英媒《金融時(shí)報(bào)》近日?qǐng)?bào)道，微信活躍用戶(hù)已近10億人，微信超過(guò)55歲以上用戶(hù)僅占1%，但考慮到多達(dá)2億的老年人口，這部分用戶(hù)的增長(zhǎng)潛力巨大，微信也越來(lái)越關(guān)注如何服務(wù)好老年用戶(hù)，比如開(kāi)通語(yǔ)音和視頻聊天功能，提升通話(huà)穩(wěn)定性和質(zhì)量等。在發(fā)紅包上，老年用戶(hù)的活躍度甚至超過(guò)了95后，月均發(fā)送25次紅包。從以上數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看，微信是符合此原則的。

實(shí)例解析「奧卡姆剃刀原理」在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用-藝源科技

5. 給予更少的選項(xiàng)

做過(guò)多的決定也是一種壓力，總體來(lái)說(shuō)，用戶(hù)希望在瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)的時(shí)候思考的少一點(diǎn)。我們?cè)谡故緝?nèi)容的時(shí)候要努力減少用戶(hù)的思維負(fù)擔(dān)，這樣就會(huì)使瀏覽者使用更順暢，心態(tài)更平和。

案例：比如谷歌與雅虎首頁(yè)，谷歌和雅虎都是國(guó)際著名的搜索引擎，兩者對(duì)于信息的檢索能力是一摸一樣的，但是，兩者中間使用最多的還是谷歌瀏覽器，原因就在于谷歌專(zhuān)注于搜索，頁(yè)面上展示的也只有搜索框，用戶(hù)打開(kāi)頁(yè)面直接搜索內(nèi)容就可以。而雅虎的頁(yè)面信息相比谷歌信息實(shí)在太多了，頁(yè)面上大部分內(nèi)容都是新聞資訊，搜索反而弱化了，過(guò)多的信息很容易讓用戶(hù)迷茫。

實(shí)例解析「奧卡姆剃刀原理」在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用-藝源科技


三、寫(xiě)在最后

以上就是我對(duì)于「奧卡姆剃刀原理」的理解以及其在日常設(shè)計(jì)中的用法，希望對(duì)大家有點(diǎn)啟發(fā)，同時(shí)歡迎大家與我們進(jìn)行交流探討。

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