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交互設(shè)計(jì)師的產(chǎn)出物是什么？ 來(lái)看Airbnb 設(shè)計(jì)師的答案！
時(shí)間：2019-10-16 09:19:55
文章發(fā)布：李陽(yáng)
原創(chuàng)作者：未知
來(lái)源：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)

前幾年我剛從密大人機(jī)交互的項(xiàng)目畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，就加入了愛(ài)彼迎  Airbnb。在那之前，我只有兩份實(shí)習(xí)的工作。作為一個(gè)畢業(yè)生，我的資歷和見(jiàn)識(shí)都尚淺，在學(xué)校里學(xué)到了一套做交互設(shè)計(jì)和研究的流程，不外乎是有一些調(diào)研、競(jìng)品分析、用戶畫像、用戶測(cè)試等等的步驟。在學(xué)校里做項(xiàng)目，常常有一整個(gè)學(xué)期的時(shí)間，套用這些個(gè)流程做出一些設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)。所以在當(dāng)時(shí)看來(lái)，設(shè)計(jì)師無(wú)非是有這么一些流程和文檔，然后做出低保真和高保真的設(shè)計(jì)原型，最后再出一套設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)注給工程師，也就大功告成了。

剛開始工作的時(shí)候感覺(jué)很興奮，覺(jué)得現(xiàn)在有這么多東西可以改——這里這里統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都可以改進(jìn)嘛。懷著這樣的心態(tài)，我也做過(guò)很多設(shè)計(jì)，現(xiàn)在回想起來(lái)，做出來(lái)的東西都十分的零散。其中有一個(gè)項(xiàng)目讓我印象特別深刻。當(dāng)時(shí)是在我想重新設(shè)計(jì)愛(ài)彼迎的房源詳情頁(yè)，覺(jué)得自己有很多很好的想法。去年這個(gè)項(xiàng)目又被重新提上了產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃，我們組的另一位設(shè)計(jì)師 Sunny 接手了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。從她的整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程來(lái)看，和我當(dāng)年采取的方式真的有很大的不同，我從中也學(xué)到了很多。她會(huì)從信息結(jié)構(gòu)，用戶做決策的流程等等方向思考，并且實(shí)際的用圖表和文字去闡述溝通整個(gè)思路和過(guò)程。而這個(gè)步驟，則是作為設(shè)計(jì)師去和團(tuán)隊(duì)溝通為什么要做這樣的設(shè)計(jì)，爭(zhēng)取達(dá)成一致的關(guān)鍵一步。

交互設(shè)計(jì)師的產(chǎn)出物是什么？ 來(lái)看Airbnb 設(shè)計(jì)師的答案！-藝源科技

△ 來(lái)自 Sunny | 從信息結(jié)構(gòu)到線框圖，再到最終的高保真

隨著經(jīng)驗(yàn)增長(zhǎng)，也明顯能體會(huì)到做設(shè)計(jì)并不是給出一些流程圖和設(shè)計(jì)就結(jié)束了。在學(xué)校學(xué)到的那些都是一些工具，更核心只是用這些學(xué)到的工具，去解決實(shí)際工作中遇到的問(wèn)題，去幫助自己和小組去思考。而這些思考和溝通的過(guò)程則需要一些輔助的「產(chǎn)出物」，讓它們的呈現(xiàn)更為有邏輯，有效率，有說(shuō)服力。


設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介（Design Brief）

設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介通常是用于相對(duì)較大的一些設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目，通過(guò)完成一篇簡(jiǎn)介文檔來(lái)記錄設(shè)計(jì)是要解決什么問(wèn)題等，同時(shí)也能在填寫的過(guò)程中幫助自己去思考和回答一些問(wèn)題。有時(shí)候自己覺(jué)得有些想法，就直接開始了設(shè)計(jì)上的探索，這樣流程卻是有一些倉(cāng)促的。退一步來(lái)看，問(wèn)問(wèn)自己這樣一些問(wèn)題，心里也會(huì)有一些更成熟的、系統(tǒng)性的方向，做起設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)也會(huì)更明確。通常設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介會(huì)包括：愿景（ Vision ），描述問(wèn)題（ Problem statement ），機(jī)遇（ Opportunity ），目標(biāo)用戶（ Target audience ）, 使用場(chǎng)景（ Use cases ）等。


設(shè)計(jì)背景（ Context ）

在一個(gè)公司的環(huán)境下，設(shè)計(jì)師通常會(huì)和其他設(shè)計(jì)師，產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理，工程師等合作。會(huì)議是一種溝通想法的途徑，但除此之外，也會(huì)有一些用來(lái)在線分享設(shè)計(jì)的工具，比如 Redpen、invision。當(dāng)其他的人來(lái)到你的這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)分享頁(yè)面，要如何清楚地了解到你是在解決什么問(wèn)題，面對(duì)的用戶是什么樣的，為什么要解決這樣的問(wèn)題，為什么做了這樣的設(shè)計(jì)等等。這些都需要設(shè)計(jì)師來(lái)講一個(gè)故事（Storytelling），讓看到這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的人能了解到這些背景，從而更好地理解你的設(shè)計(jì)，更有針對(duì)性地去給你反饋。其實(shí)它也類似于一個(gè)小型的 Presentation。


各精度的設(shè)計(jì)稿

在 airbnb 的產(chǎn)品組中，我們沒(méi)有劃分交互設(shè)計(jì)師和 UI 設(shè)計(jì)師，而是統(tǒng)稱為體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)師（Experience Designer）, 同時(shí)負(fù)責(zé)交互和 UI 的部分。所以根據(jù)不同的項(xiàng)目大小和側(cè)重，我們會(huì)做低保真、高保真。這些是設(shè)計(jì)師比較基本的產(chǎn)出物，所以在此不做贅述。值得提到的一點(diǎn)是，有時(shí)需要用真實(shí)的內(nèi)容去測(cè)試一下設(shè)計(jì)最終的效果。

交互設(shè)計(jì)師的產(chǎn)出物是什么？ 來(lái)看Airbnb 設(shè)計(jì)師的答案！-藝源科技

△ 來(lái)自 Peiyu Liu

交互設(shè)計(jì)師的產(chǎn)出物是什么？ 來(lái)看Airbnb 設(shè)計(jì)師的答案！-藝源科技

△ 來(lái)自 Peiyu Liu | 使用不同類型的真實(shí)內(nèi)容壓力測(cè)試


交互原型（Prototype）

原型是一個(gè)很好的溝通工具。在較小的項(xiàng)目中，通常不會(huì)涉及到交互原型，但是如果是在一個(gè)新起的項(xiàng)目或者設(shè)計(jì)沖刺（Design Sprint）的時(shí)候，通常會(huì)用交互原型去幫助表達(dá)。設(shè)計(jì)師很重要的一點(diǎn)就是要抽時(shí)間替團(tuán)隊(duì)想一個(gè)「北極星」，跳脫現(xiàn)有的 A/B 測(cè)試去想一個(gè)愿景。這時(shí)候可以借助交互原型去傳達(dá)你腦海中的設(shè)計(jì)想法，讓組員為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目興奮起來(lái)。


邊緣使用場(chǎng)景（Edge cases）

這個(gè)是初級(jí)設(shè)計(jì)師常常忽略的地方。在最后交給工程師的設(shè)計(jì)中，如果能考慮周全，給出各種出錯(cuò)場(chǎng)景如何處理，就能讓用戶的體驗(yàn)更好，整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)也會(huì)更完整。在某一些有相當(dāng)?shù)母怕食霈F(xiàn)和流程密切相關(guān)錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候，這就顯得尤其重要。當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)師思考清楚了如何處理這些邊緣場(chǎng)景，就可以和內(nèi)容策略師一起，給用戶一個(gè)清晰明確的文案，從而避免不好的體驗(yàn)。


設(shè)計(jì)分享（Presentation）

這一部分直白來(lái)說(shuō)，就是做PPT。當(dāng)然并不是每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目都需要做 presentation，有的項(xiàng)目可能就用上述的在線分享工具就足夠了。但是在有一些大規(guī)模的項(xiàng)目時(shí)，分享的 deck 就變得很重要。當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)師面對(duì)的聽眾不一樣時(shí)，需要呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容也會(huì)不同。有時(shí)候早期的項(xiàng)目，可能用的只是一些色塊去表達(dá)功能和概念，弱化視覺(jué)的部分，有時(shí)候也可以就用這些灰色的色塊去做原型來(lái)傳達(dá)思路。有時(shí)候設(shè)計(jì)師建立了一套新的功能，則會(huì)很清楚的講到各功能是怎么用，或者有一些例子去串起這些功能。但是總的來(lái)說(shuō)，presentation 并不是簡(jiǎn)單地放出來(lái)我做了這樣的一些設(shè)計(jì)，它的核心依然還是講好一個(gè)故事，讓你的聽眾理解這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的功能和價(jià)值。

通常會(huì)包括：要解決的問(wèn)題是什么，為什么這是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，為什么要這樣解決，最后的設(shè)計(jì)是怎么樣，下一步要做的是什么等等。


結(jié)語(yǔ)

越來(lái)越覺(jué)得流程和形式是手段而非目的，它們都是幫助一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)師思考，以及把這個(gè)思考的過(guò)程分享給其他職能的組員的工具。設(shè)計(jì)師有時(shí)候會(huì)陷入「設(shè)計(jì)」的小世界里，而忘記設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)還是為了和整個(gè)產(chǎn)品組一起去提升用戶的體驗(yàn)。當(dāng)你的設(shè)計(jì)變成自嗨的時(shí)候，它其實(shí)并沒(méi)有真的達(dá)到原本要提升用戶體驗(yàn)的目的。作為用戶體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)師的使命不僅僅是做到每個(gè)像素都準(zhǔn)確，而更應(yīng)該在更大的格局上去思考問(wèn)題，尋找最合適的方式去和自己的產(chǎn)品組溝通。溝通的過(guò)程中往往也會(huì)有新的想法，獲得沒(méi)考慮到的反饋，這個(gè)過(guò)程是很有價(jià)值的。

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