杏吧app下载，关婷娜被揉胸视频直播，杏吧之春暖花开有你

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}
網(wǎng)絡時代需要強化“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識
時間：2014-03-17 16:31:55
文章發(fā)布：李陽
原創(chuàng)作者：未知
來源：光明日報

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   “領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”概念的提出

    “二戰(zhàn)”結(jié)束以來，民族國家因領(lǐng)土領(lǐng)海領(lǐng)空爭奪而爆發(fā)的沖突越來越少見，而圍繞貿(mào)易摩擦和意識形態(tài)及文化差異展開的常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭和“口水戰(zhàn)”即輿論斗爭卻與日俱增。步入全球媒介化時代后，圍繞網(wǎng)絡信息傳播控制權(quán)的爭奪日趨激烈。網(wǎng)絡信息傳播控制權(quán)在軍事領(lǐng)域簡稱“制網(wǎng)權(quán)”，在外交領(lǐng)域和國際輿論較量中，筆者則建議稱為“網(wǎng)絡主權(quán)”或“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”。之所以稱為“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”，是因為在全球網(wǎng)絡社會，國家主權(quán)不僅體現(xiàn)在對領(lǐng)土、領(lǐng)海和領(lǐng)空等現(xiàn)實空間的控制上，也越來越多地體現(xiàn)在對電子網(wǎng)絡等虛擬空間的控制上。習近平總書記指出，“網(wǎng)絡安全和信息化是事關(guān)國家安全和國家發(fā)展、事關(guān)廣大人民群眾工作生活的重大戰(zhàn)略問題”；“沒有網(wǎng)絡安全就沒有國家安全”。這充分表明對網(wǎng)絡建設和網(wǎng)絡安全的重視提到了前所未有的高度。

網(wǎng)絡時代需要強化“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識-藝源科技


國家主權(quán)是一個發(fā)展的概念，其外延隨著國家活動在物理空間和精神空間的擴大與延伸而同步拓展。當前，“文明的沖突”、“軟權(quán)力”等文化擴張和文化主權(quán)構(gòu)成了國際主權(quán)斗爭中一個新的重要領(lǐng)域。筆者認為，所謂“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”，主要是指主權(quán)國家對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎設施和關(guān)鍵硬件設備的控制權(quán)、對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)軟件技術(shù)的自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳播領(lǐng)域國家意志和主流意識形態(tài)的話語權(quán)，以及依法保障公民網(wǎng)絡通信自由和政府、組織、個人信息安全的權(quán)力。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)及其應用在全球范圍內(nèi)的突飛猛進，網(wǎng)絡信息傳播控制權(quán)逐漸成為文化主權(quán)和國家“軟權(quán)力”最為重要的部分，因此，對網(wǎng)絡主權(quán)或“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”的研究必須引起我們高度重視。而在我們致力于打通“兩個輿論場”、在國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)大平臺上更好地向世界說明中國、以我為主構(gòu)建國際輿論新格局的過程中，則必須牢固樹立網(wǎng)絡主權(quán)意識，像重視領(lǐng)土領(lǐng)海領(lǐng)空不受侵犯一樣，重視網(wǎng)絡領(lǐng)域的基礎設施安全保障、信息科技自主創(chuàng)新和意識形態(tài)中國話語的建構(gòu)。

“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識的國際參照

當今世界，美國憑借其在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎設施、信息科技以及計算機軟件開發(fā)上的先發(fā)優(yōu)勢，出于國家利益的考慮，牢牢控制著“制網(wǎng)權(quán)”，對信息后發(fā)國家產(chǎn)生了巨大的壓制和安全威脅。在網(wǎng)絡外交領(lǐng)域，美國政府也有超前的籌劃和舉措，值得我們高度重視。正如有學者指出的，“自人類進入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代以來，鼓吹‘網(wǎng)絡自由’最賣力的是美國，可對網(wǎng)絡自由威脅最大的恰恰也是美國”。奧巴馬當選總統(tǒng)后，其在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域的一系列動作，更凸顯新一屆美國政府在網(wǎng)絡主權(quán)國際爭奪上的野心。2011年3月19日，英國《衛(wèi)報》揭露了美軍正在組建“網(wǎng)絡水軍”的事實。2011年5月16日，白宮協(xié)同國務院、司法部、商務部、國土安全部和國防部等公布了題為《網(wǎng)絡空間國際戰(zhàn)略》的文件。這份文件稱美國將通過多邊和雙邊合作確立新的國際行為準則，加強網(wǎng)絡防御的能力。據(jù)報道，美國有關(guān)部門一直就如何針對網(wǎng)絡空間制定“震懾”戰(zhàn)略進行研討。該戰(zhàn)略的思路與20世紀的“核威懾”戰(zhàn)略類似。

目前，國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的13臺根服務器全部在美國的掌握之中。為保障網(wǎng)絡安全和網(wǎng)絡自由，世界各國曾多次要求美國交出根服務器控制權(quán)，由聯(lián)合國等國際機構(gòu)進行管理，但美國置國際輿論于不顧，拒不交出控制權(quán)，牢牢地將國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)掌握在自己手中。事實上，現(xiàn)在所有國家的網(wǎng)絡安全和網(wǎng)絡自由都受到美國的實時威脅，只要美國停止哪個國家的域名解析，哪個國家的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)就會癱瘓。2009年底到2010年初，谷歌公司以無法接受中國關(guān)于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)管理方面的有關(guān)要求和受到黑客攻擊為由，宣布放棄在中國（大陸）的搜索業(yè)務。隨后，美國國務卿希拉里·克林頓在多種場合發(fā)表講話，提出要將“不受限制的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問作為外交政策的首要任務”，并批評中國剝奪了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)自由。在圍繞谷歌退出中國大陸市場事件中，美國國務院的聲明也恰恰暴露出他們在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)“制網(wǎng)權(quán)”方面早有籌劃和預謀。這確實不能不引起我們的警覺。

強化“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識的現(xiàn)實必然

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)特別是有“自媒體”之稱的社交網(wǎng)絡的裂變式發(fā)展，帶來了信息傳播方式的變革，改變了我國信息傳播格局和人們的信息獲取方式，也進一步改變著社會輿論格局。長期以來，我們對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的認識未知遠大于已知，已有的辦法和舉措還遠不能適應互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的快速發(fā)展，如何加強互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的建設和管理是我們不可回避的重大課題。這迫切需要我們加快改進網(wǎng)上輿論引導工作，豐富網(wǎng)上健康向上的信息內(nèi)容供給，加強互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息傳播安全，切實提升網(wǎng)絡國際傳播力，確保國家長治久安和人民幸福安康。

當然，維護“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”不僅不妨礙我們堅持對外開放，而且有賴于“文化開放水平”的不斷提高?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)沒有國界，網(wǎng)絡安全也是全人類的共同話題。我們必須按照黨的十八屆三中全會決定的要求，積極吸收借鑒國外一切優(yōu)秀文化成果，包括網(wǎng)絡文化成果，引進有利于我國文化發(fā)展的人才、技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗，積極構(gòu)建適合中國特色和網(wǎng)絡時代特點的輿論引導新格局，以改革創(chuàng)新精神開創(chuàng)網(wǎng)上輿論工作新局面。    （夏德元 童兵 作者分別為國家社科基金重大項目“堅持馬克思主義新聞觀與完善輿論引導格局研究”課題組成員、上海教育音像出版社社長，課題組首席專家、復旦大學教授）

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