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網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代需要強(qiáng)化“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識
時間：2014-03-17 16:31:55
文章發(fā)布：李陽
原創(chuàng)作者：未知
來源：光明日報

    【專家視點】

   “領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”概念的提出

    “二戰(zhàn)”結(jié)束以來，民族國家因領(lǐng)土領(lǐng)海領(lǐng)空爭奪而爆發(fā)的沖突越來越少見，而圍繞貿(mào)易摩擦和意識形態(tài)及文化差異展開的常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭和“口水戰(zhàn)”即輿論斗爭卻與日俱增。步入全球媒介化時代后，圍繞網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息傳播控制權(quán)的爭奪日趨激烈。網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息傳播控制權(quán)在軍事領(lǐng)域簡稱“制網(wǎng)權(quán)”，在外交領(lǐng)域和國際輿論較量中，筆者則建議稱為“網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)”或“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”。之所以稱為“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”，是因為在全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會，國家主權(quán)不僅體現(xiàn)在對領(lǐng)土、領(lǐng)海和領(lǐng)空等現(xiàn)實空間的控制上，也越來越多地體現(xiàn)在對電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)等虛擬空間的控制上。習(xí)近平總書記指出，“網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全和信息化是事關(guān)國家安全和國家發(fā)展、事關(guān)廣大人民群眾工作生活的重大戰(zhàn)略問題”；“沒有網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全就沒有國家安全”。這充分表明對網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的重視提到了前所未有的高度。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代需要強(qiáng)化“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識-藝源科技


國家主權(quán)是一個發(fā)展的概念，其外延隨著國家活動在物理空間和精神空間的擴(kuò)大與延伸而同步拓展。當(dāng)前，“文明的沖突”、“軟權(quán)力”等文化擴(kuò)張和文化主權(quán)構(gòu)成了國際主權(quán)斗爭中一個新的重要領(lǐng)域。筆者認(rèn)為，所謂“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”，主要是指主權(quán)國家對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和關(guān)鍵硬件設(shè)備的控制權(quán)、對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)軟件技術(shù)的自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳播領(lǐng)域國家意志和主流意識形態(tài)的話語權(quán)，以及依法保障公民網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信自由和政府、組織、個人信息安全的權(quán)力。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用在全球范圍內(nèi)的突飛猛進(jìn)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息傳播控制權(quán)逐漸成為文化主權(quán)和國家“軟權(quán)力”最為重要的部分，因此，對網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)或“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”的研究必須引起我們高度重視。而在我們致力于打通“兩個輿論場”、在國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)大平臺上更好地向世界說明中國、以我為主構(gòu)建國際輿論新格局的過程中，則必須牢固樹立網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)意識，像重視領(lǐng)土領(lǐng)海領(lǐng)空不受侵犯一樣，重視網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施安全保障、信息科技自主創(chuàng)新和意識形態(tài)中國話語的建構(gòu)。

“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識的國際參照

當(dāng)今世界，美國憑借其在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、信息科技以及計算機(jī)軟件開發(fā)上的先發(fā)優(yōu)勢，出于國家利益的考慮，牢牢控制著“制網(wǎng)權(quán)”，對信息后發(fā)國家產(chǎn)生了巨大的壓制和安全威脅。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)外交領(lǐng)域，美國政府也有超前的籌劃和舉措，值得我們高度重視。正如有學(xué)者指出的，“自人類進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代以來，鼓吹‘網(wǎng)絡(luò)自由’最賣力的是美國，可對網(wǎng)絡(luò)自由威脅最大的恰恰也是美國”。奧巴馬當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)后，其在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域的一系列動作，更凸顯新一屆美國政府在網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)國際爭奪上的野心。2011年3月19日，英國《衛(wèi)報》揭露了美軍正在組建“網(wǎng)絡(luò)水軍”的事實。2011年5月16日，白宮協(xié)同國務(wù)院、司法部、商務(wù)部、國土安全部和國防部等公布了題為《網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國際戰(zhàn)略》的文件。這份文件稱美國將通過多邊和雙邊合作確立新的國際行為準(zhǔn)則，加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)防御的能力。據(jù)報道，美國有關(guān)部門一直就如何針對網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間制定“震懾”戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行研討。該戰(zhàn)略的思路與20世紀(jì)的“核威懾”戰(zhàn)略類似。

目前，國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的13臺根服務(wù)器全部在美國的掌握之中。為保障網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全和網(wǎng)絡(luò)自由，世界各國曾多次要求美國交出根服務(wù)器控制權(quán)，由聯(lián)合國等國際機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行管理，但美國置國際輿論于不顧，拒不交出控制權(quán)，牢牢地將國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)掌握在自己手中。事實上，現(xiàn)在所有國家的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全和網(wǎng)絡(luò)自由都受到美國的實時威脅，只要美國停止哪個國家的域名解析，哪個國家的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)就會癱瘓。2009年底到2010年初，谷歌公司以無法接受中國關(guān)于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)管理方面的有關(guān)要求和受到黑客攻擊為由，宣布放棄在中國（大陸）的搜索業(yè)務(wù)。隨后，美國國務(wù)卿希拉里·克林頓在多種場合發(fā)表講話，提出要將“不受限制的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問作為外交政策的首要任務(wù)”，并批評中國剝奪了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)自由。在圍繞谷歌退出中國大陸市場事件中，美國國務(wù)院的聲明也恰恰暴露出他們在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)“制網(wǎng)權(quán)”方面早有籌劃和預(yù)謀。這確實不能不引起我們的警覺。

強(qiáng)化“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”意識的現(xiàn)實必然

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)特別是有“自媒體”之稱的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的裂變式發(fā)展，帶來了信息傳播方式的變革，改變了我國信息傳播格局和人們的信息獲取方式，也進(jìn)一步改變著社會輿論格局。長期以來，我們對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的認(rèn)識未知遠(yuǎn)大于已知，已有的辦法和舉措還遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的快速發(fā)展，如何加強(qiáng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的建設(shè)和管理是我們不可回避的重大課題。這迫切需要我們加快改進(jìn)網(wǎng)上輿論引導(dǎo)工作，豐富網(wǎng)上健康向上的信息內(nèi)容供給，加強(qiáng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息傳播安全，切實提升網(wǎng)絡(luò)國際傳播力，確保國家長治久安和人民幸福安康。

當(dāng)然，維護(hù)“領(lǐng)網(wǎng)主權(quán)”不僅不妨礙我們堅持對外開放，而且有賴于“文化開放水平”的不斷提高。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)沒有國界，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全也是全人類的共同話題。我們必須按照黨的十八屆三中全會決定的要求，積極吸收借鑒國外一切優(yōu)秀文化成果，包括網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化成果，引進(jìn)有利于我國文化發(fā)展的人才、技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗，積極構(gòu)建適合中國特色和網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代特點的輿論引導(dǎo)新格局，以改革創(chuàng)新精神開創(chuàng)網(wǎng)上輿論工作新局面。    （夏德元 童兵 作者分別為國家社科基金重大項目“堅持馬克思主義新聞觀與完善輿論引導(dǎo)格局研究”課題組成員、上海教育音像出版社社長，課題組首席專家、復(fù)旦大學(xué)教授）

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