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網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言與網(wǎng)絡(luò)言論自由背道而馳
時(shí)間:2014-03-20 16:33:54
文章發(fā)布:李陽
原創(chuàng)作者:未知
來源:光明日報(bào)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言是網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的視覺污染,也是信息化時(shí)代的一大公害。網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言在自媒體和移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的背景下愈演愈烈,公眾早已不堪其擾,很多人因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言付出了名譽(yù)受損、經(jīng)濟(jì)損失等代價(jià)。近日,最高人民法院和最高人民檢察院聯(lián)合頒布了《關(guān)于辦理利用信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)施誹謗等刑事案件適用法律若干問題的解釋》(以下簡稱《解釋》),該《解釋》已于9月10日正式生效。結(jié)合此前全國公安機(jī)關(guān)針對網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言展開的專項(xiàng)治理行動,可以說,在治理網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言的過程中,有關(guān)部門打出了一套有力的司法組合拳,也表明法律對網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言選擇了零容忍的態(tài)度。

《解釋》對于網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中誹謗罪的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、哪些誹謗行為屬于“嚴(yán)重危害社會秩序和國家利益”的公訴案件進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)規(guī)定,為嚴(yán)厲制裁網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中的誹謗犯罪提供了具有實(shí)際可操作性的法律依據(jù)。同時(shí),《解釋》對于利用信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)施的尋釁滋事罪、敲詐勒索罪、非法經(jīng)營罪等嚴(yán)重?cái)_亂網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間秩序的犯罪行為,規(guī)定了不同于現(xiàn)實(shí)社會的犯罪認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),為產(chǎn)生于農(nóng)業(yè)社會,成熟和完備于工業(yè)社會的傳統(tǒng)刑法能夠適用于信息社會或者說網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間,進(jìn)行了與時(shí)俱進(jìn)的解釋。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言與網(wǎng)絡(luò)言論自由背道而馳

謠言不同于誹謗。雖然在廣義上誹謗也是謠言,但是,謠言一般指不針對任何特定個(gè)人、單位或者群體的不實(shí)信息,而誹謗則是捏造針對特定個(gè)人、單位或者群體的不實(shí)信息。從這一點(diǎn)上講,《解釋》的打擊半徑基本上是“誹謗”行為。因此,對于這一《解釋》,公眾和網(wǎng)民總體上持肯定態(tài)度,同時(shí)也引發(fā)一些思考。

首先,網(wǎng)絡(luò)是不是一個(gè)無法空間?有一種聲音認(rèn)為,網(wǎng)絡(luò)是虛擬社會,現(xiàn)實(shí)空間中的法律不該過度進(jìn)入網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間??陀^地講,網(wǎng)絡(luò)是由信息技術(shù)構(gòu)建起來的世界,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中,技術(shù)不再像過去那樣,迂回地通過影響“人與自然”的關(guān)系來塑造“人與人”的關(guān)系,而是通過延伸人的交往、活動空間直接改變?nèi)说纳鐣傩?。在人的行為進(jìn)入網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間之后,與之相適應(yīng),現(xiàn)實(shí)社會中的法律規(guī)則也應(yīng)當(dāng)隨著人的活動空間的延伸而進(jìn)入網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間。網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間不是現(xiàn)實(shí)空間的簡單復(fù)制,但是,網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的行為仍然是現(xiàn)實(shí)空間中人類活動的延伸,差別在于表現(xiàn)形式不同。因此,網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間作為人類活動的“第二空間”和“第二社會”,現(xiàn)實(shí)社會中的法律規(guī)則延伸到網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中不僅是必然的,也是必需的。首當(dāng)其沖進(jìn)入網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的傳統(tǒng)法律,肯定是刑法,因?yàn)樗撇玫氖菄?yán)重的失德失范行為——犯罪。

其次,從刑法理論上講,網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間是否屬于“公共場所”,是引發(fā)理論質(zhì)疑的關(guān)鍵。根據(jù)《公共場所管理?xiàng)l例》規(guī)定,公共場所是提供公眾進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社交、娛樂、體育、醫(yī)療和滿足部分生活需求所使用的一切公用場所及其設(shè)施的總稱。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的關(guān)于公共場所的定義,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它僅僅限于實(shí)體的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的人類活動空間。但是,傳統(tǒng)社會和網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會同時(shí)并存的“雙層社會”背景下,網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間已經(jīng)成為人類活動的“第二空間”,幾乎和現(xiàn)實(shí)空間一樣給人們提供了相同條件的活動場所。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中,人們足不出戶便可以做幾乎所有在現(xiàn)實(shí)空間想要做的事情,看病、學(xué)習(xí)、交友、娛樂、工作都可以在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中實(shí)現(xiàn)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)已不僅是社會信息交流和傳播的媒介,更成為公眾生活必不可少的一部分,極大地拓展了公眾的認(rèn)知范圍和活動領(lǐng)域。因此,網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間不僅實(shí)際地成為人類活動的“第二空間”,也成為供公眾從事社會生活的重要場所。

但是,并不是說所有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間場所都屬于公共場所,網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間同樣存在私人空間和私人場所。對于網(wǎng)絡(luò)公共場所的界定,應(yīng)把握傳統(tǒng)公共場所的本質(zhì)特征,即可以滿足公眾部分生活需求的開放性公用場所,對于封閉、半封閉的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間,就難以定性為公共場所。例如,微博具有開放性,實(shí)際上是一個(gè)自媒體,相當(dāng)于傳統(tǒng)的報(bào)紙等媒體;而微信就是朋友之間的即時(shí)通信工具,即使是具有公開轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)功能的“朋友圈”,也只是限于私人之間的非開放圈子,不能認(rèn)定為網(wǎng)絡(luò)公共場所。因此,將網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中的行為視為在“公共場所”的行為,并非沒有理由。但是,需要加以明確的是,是造成網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中的“秩序混亂”還是造成現(xiàn)實(shí)社會的“公共秩序混亂”才構(gòu)成尋釁滋事罪?什么情況下才能評價(jià)為造成了網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中公共秩序的混亂?這些問題的明確,不僅是以尋釁滋事罪制裁網(wǎng)絡(luò)造謠傳謠行為要明確的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn),更是司法實(shí)踐中應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎對待的核心問題。不解決這一問題,就無法消除公眾的質(zhì)疑。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間沒有邊界,整個(gè)世界幾乎成為一個(gè)觸手可摸的地球村。但是,與很多國家的情況不同,在中國,網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言成為網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的一道獨(dú)特“風(fēng)景”,“謠翻中國”不僅成為一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)“意見領(lǐng)袖”或者“網(wǎng)絡(luò)推手”的追求目標(biāo),而且成為一種產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈化的營利手段,謠言的編造、傳播甚至成為一個(gè)特定行業(yè)。近兩三年,一切似乎都不再可信,公眾懷疑一切信息的真實(shí)性成為一種常態(tài)心理。網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言的數(shù)量、類型和指向?qū)ο笕找嬖龆啵瑢ι鐣?、民族利益和國家利益的沖擊、實(shí)際危害日益擴(kuò)大,某些謠言已經(jīng)不再是事實(shí)和真相之間的差異,它可能徹底改變甚至摧毀一個(gè)民族、一個(gè)社會固有的道德觀念、價(jià)值取向和行為規(guī)范,也可能沖擊、危害具體的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的國家民族利益和社會秩序,甚至產(chǎn)生了可能引發(fā)或者形成現(xiàn)實(shí)空間中的群體性事件乃至社會動蕩的危險(xiǎn),而且在辟謠之后仍然余害難消。因此,加大對網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言的法律制裁,對于危害嚴(yán)重的網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言追究刑事責(zé)任的必要性逐漸形成了共識。

此次“兩高”頒布司法解釋能夠引起如此大的社會反響,除了刑事責(zé)任具有其他法律后果無法企及的社會道德評價(jià)內(nèi)涵外,還在于司法是社會正義的后一道防線,公眾對司法機(jī)關(guān)寄托了嚴(yán)厲打擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言犯罪,從根本上凈化網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播環(huán)境的殷切期望。網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓草根階層獲得了發(fā)聲的空間,極大地?cái)U(kuò)大了公民的言論表達(dá)空間和自由,網(wǎng)絡(luò)在反腐敗、公民監(jiān)督政府、凝聚社會基本共識、弘揚(yáng)社會正能量上的作用也是有目共睹的。但是,網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言與網(wǎng)絡(luò)言論自由的理念根本上是背道而馳的,就像熱帶雨林中的絞殺樹反噬宿主的營養(yǎng)一樣,如果任由網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言泛濫,遲早會令網(wǎng)絡(luò)喪失創(chuàng)新活力。 (于志剛 作者系中國政法大學(xué)刑事司法學(xué)院教授、網(wǎng)絡(luò)立法專家)  

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